^ Lu W, Su X, Klein MS, Lewis IA, Fiehn O, Rabinowitz JD (June 2017)."Autonomous METLIN-Guided In-source Fragment Annotation for Untargeted Metabolomics". ^ a b Domingo-Almenara X, Montenegro-Burke JR, Guijas C, Majumder EL, Benton HP, Siuzdak G (March 2019)."Enhanced in-Source Fragmentation Annotation Enables Novel Data Independent Acquisition and Autonomous METLIN Molecular Identification". ^ a b c d Xue J, Domingo-Almenara X, Guijas C, Palermo A, Rinschen MM, Isbell J, et al.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. "Early gas chromatography/mass spectrometry". "2 molecular standards database: a broad chemical and biological resource". ^ Xue J, Guijas C, Benton HP, Warth B, Siuzdak G (October 2020).Fundamentals of contemporary mass spectrometry (. ed.). Rules for the basic fragmentation processes are given by Stevenson's Rule. Relative bond energy and the ability to undergo favorable cyclic transition states affect the fragmentation process. This can take place by a process of homolytic cleavage or homolysis or heterolytic cleavage or heterolysis of the bond. Removal of electrons from either sigma bond, pi bond or nonbonding orbitals causes the ionization.
Fragmentation reactions įragmentation is a type of chemical dissociation, in which the removal of the electron from the molecule results in ionization. Higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD), EISA, andĬharge remote fragmentation. Photodissociation, particularly infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) using IR radiation for the bombardment and blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) which use IR radiation instead of laser, Negative electron-transfer dissociation (NETD),
Laser induced dissociation which uses laser to induce the ion formation,Įlectron-capture dissociation (ECD) due to capturing of low energy electrons,Įlectron-transfer dissociation (ETD) through electron transfer between ions, Surface-induced dissociation (SID) using fast moving ions collision with a solid surface, A few different types of mass fragmentation areĬollision-induced dissociation (CID) through collision with neutral molecule, EISA and collision-induced dissociation (CID) among other physical events that impact ions are a part of gas-phase ion chemistry. Tandem mass spectrometry-generated fragmentation is typically made in the collision zone (post-source fragmentation) of a tandem mass spectrometer. Prior to these experiments, electrospray ionization in-source fragmentation was generally considered an undesired effect however, electrospray ionization using Enhanced In-Source Fragmentation/Annotation (EISA) has been shown to promote in-source fragmentation that creates fragment ions that are consistent with tandem mass spectrometers. Toluene Fragmentation Mass spectrometry techniques įragmentation can occur in the ion source (in-source fragmentation) where it has been used with electron ionization to help identify molecules and, recently (2020), with electrospray ionization it has been shown to provide the same benefit in facilitating molecular identification.
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